MODALS IN PAST FORM

Modals???? what modals? Modals! jangan pikir itu adalah modal dalam Bahasa Indonesia ya guys. Mau tahu lebih? Wanna know more bout that? c'mon here. Don't be shy to ask :* XD~

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.

"In the same way that we use modal verbs to say how certain we are about things in the present we can also use them to speculate about the past."

Past modals come in two forms. The first type is the easiest and usually requires only a
simple word change:

•         I can drive. (present ability)

•         I could drive when I was 16. (past ability)

•         I have to go to California. (present obligation)

•         I had to go to California. (past obligation)

•         Lenny will pay tomorrow. (future intention)

•         Lenny said he would pay tomorrow. (future reported from the past)

Past modals with have

Some past modals can be formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.) However, since modals express possibility, intention, obligation, etc., they do not always indicate a definite tense. Therefore,when using past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered.

•         I should go to the funeral. (I feel an obligation to go--later.)

•         I should have gone to the funeral. (I didn't go. Now I regret it.)

•         Lex might take Karen to the airport. (It's a future possibility.)

•         Lex might have taken Karen to the airport. (He may be on his way there now.)

•         Lex could have taken Karen to the airport. (Most likely he didn't.)

•         Lex would have taken Karen to the airport. (He didn't. He had an excuse.)

•         Otis didn't come to work yesterday. (past fact)

•         He had to take care of his children. (past obligation)

•         His children must have been sick. (conjecture about the past)

There are 4 modals that usually used.

Could

"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can.“

Might

"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditionalsentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

Should

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Would

“Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past.

Modals are used:

• To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
• To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
• To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)

PS: Modal verbs in the past tense describe something that was or wasn't done

PS: e.g means example guys :)

NARRATIVE TEXT 2ND SEMESTER

Wait... wait...wait a minute! Is it NARRATIVE TEXT again?? Have we discussed bout it last semester? Of course yeah. And I'm going to discuss it again. Let's check out guys :-)

Definition

Narrative text  is story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of speech, writing, song, film, television, video games, or theatre) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional human events.

The Function

The purpose of  Narrative Text is to entertain/ to amuse the reader of the story.

Generic Structure

a.       Orientation (setting): Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

b.      Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

c.       Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse

d.      Reorientation: is an ending of a story.

e.       Evaluation (moral value): is the moral value or message that contain in a story. Optional.

Tenses

Past tense for  sentences and present tense  for dialogue.

- Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful girl, named Cinderella. (past tense)

- Mother said, ”Please, put  my lovely gown in the cupboard, dear.”

Conjunction

Then

After that

Before. etc. 

The kinds of Narrative Text are Fable, Myth, Legend, Fairy Tales, Folklore, and so on.

The Example

HERCULES (MYTH)

There was a golden age of powerful gods and extraordinary heroes. And the greatest and strongest of these heroes was the mighty Hercules. But, what is the measure of a true hero? That is what this story is all about...

          On the Mt. Olympus the little Hercules is born, he is the Zeus and Hera's son. The baby is very strong and he is surrounded by presents among his little winged horses: Pegasus. All gods love Hercules, all gods but not. Hades. He is the brother of Zeus and the god of Underworld. He hates Zeus because it's only thanks to him That now he must spend his immortal life surrounded by souls. Hades wants to reign on the Olympus so he asks help to the three Fates. They know the past, the present and the future.

The Fates tell to Hades that in eighteen years the planets will line up: at that time Hades will can to free the Titans to defeat Zeus... but if Hercules'll fight... Hades will lose his battle.

So Hades prepares a potion to make deathly the little Hercules. He orders to his slaves Pain and Panic to abduct the little god, to make drink him all potion and to kill him.
For lucky he has not drink all potion: Herc is mortal but he always is very strong and now he live on the Earth with his adoptive parents, Anphitryon and Alcmene.

          The strength of Hercules was a problem, he seemed to break everything he touched. Shunned because of the destruction he caused, Herc grew up sad and lonely. So Alcmene and Anphityon explained to Herc that he was indeed different from everyone. They showed to Hercules the symbol of the gods, the medaillon that was around his neck when they found him.

          Eager to solve the mystery of his birth, Herc traveled to the Temple of Zeus, for answers. He was shocked when the statue of Zeus come alive and the god revealed that he was Herc's father, and the goddess Hera was his mother.

Zeus explained that Herc had been kidnapped and changed into a mortal while still baby. Then he told Herc why he could not come home.
"Only gods can live on. Olympus" he said "but if you can prove yourself a true hero on Eath, your godhood will be restored... first, you must seek Philoctetes, the trainer of heroes".
Zeus give to his son Pegasus, so Herc flew off and soon found Philoctetes, the satyr.
"I need your help" Herc told Phil "I want to become a hero".
"Sorry, kid" said Phil. "I'm retired. But a lightning from Zeus changed Phil's mind.
          Hero-training was so difficult that Herc often thought of quitting. In the end, though, he refused to give up and keept on working to reach his goal.
          Finally told Herc that he was ready for his first real test in the big, though city of Thebes.
          On their way to Thebes, Phil and Herc saw a beautiful young woman named Megara, who was being chased by a centaur.
"A damsel in distress!" Phil shouted. Herc rushed to Megara's rescue.
After Hercules had defeated the centaur, Megara introduced herself. Herc was so enchanted by Meg's beauty.

On her way home, Meg met Hades and his helpers, Pain and Panic. Meg mentioned that she had just met someone named Hercules. Hades was furious when he heard the name. Hercules was the only one who could stop the evil Hades from taking over Olympus.
          Hades began trying destroy Herc once again. He used Meg to trick Hercules into unleashing a frightening monster called Hydra. But Herc defeated the Hydra and every other monster that Hades sent. And with each victory, Herc become more and more famous.
          Still Hercules remained mortal, unable to live on Olympus. Herc asked Zeus why this was so.
"I'm afraid being famous isn't the same as being a true hero" Zeus answered "You must look inside your heart".
          Hades finally realized that no one was strong enough to defeat Hercules. Still, Hedes thought, he must have one weakness...
 
          Suddenly Hades knew the answer: Meg was Herc's weakness. Hercules would do anything to protect her from harm. Hades thought about this and came up with and idea. He would make Meg his prisoner!

          Herc was so upset when he saw Meg in chains that he agreed to a strange bargain. He would surrender his strength for a day if Hades would set Meg free.
          Hades was ready to put his plan into action. When Herc out of the way, the evil god would soon rule the world.

First Hades freed the Titans from the pit where they had been imprisoned by Zeus. Then Hades ordered the Cyclops, a one-eyed monster, to get rid of Hercules.
Without his mighty strength, Herc was no match for the Cyclops. But with Phil's encouragement, Hercules somehow managed to defeat the monster. Meg, though, was injured while trying to save Herc from a falling column. And true to Hades' promise, as soon as Meg was hurt, Hercules' strength come back.
          Although Herc didn't want to leave the gravely injured Meg, she convinced him to go help his father stop Hades.
          Hercules left Meg in Phil's care and hurried to  Olympus. He found the gods in chains and Zeus trapped in a mountain of frozen lava. With his bare hands, Herc ripped open the lava and freed his father. Together they defeat the Titans.

          Hades knew his grand plan to take over Olympus was now ruined. As he headed back to the Underworld, he took pleasure in telling Hercules that Meg was dying.

Hercules hurried back Meg, but her spirit had already left her body. Hercules rushed down to the Underworld, where he saw Meg's spirit floating in a pit of swirling souls.
"Take me in Meg's place" Herc told Hades.
          That selfless act - Herc's willingness to give his life for Meg - made him a true hero at last.
          On his return to Olympus, Hercules was given a hero's welcome. But he finally knew where he truly belongs on Earth with Meg, where together they would live happily ever after.

           

NOUN PHRASES

Noun? In Indonesian is Kata Benda. There are so many Nouns in this whole world. How much? I don't know. Ok then, just check this out :)

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.

Noun Types:

1.   Proper nouns
2.   Agent nouns
3.   Countable and uncountable nouns
4.    Mass nouns
5.    Collective nouns
6.    Concrete nouns and abstract nouns

 Definition of Noun Phrases 

A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements. A noun phrase (often abbreviated as NP) most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.

The Component:
In English grammar, a noun phrase has three components:

 •The head, is the hub, the center of attraction (as it were) of the noun phrase; it is the noun or pronoun around which the other parts gather together. The head determines concord with the portion of the sentence outside the noun phrase. Thus: –The change in the Asian economies is unprecedented. –The changes in Japan's economy are most unexpected.

 •Pre-modification consists of all the words placed before the head. These words are usually determiners, adjectives and nouns. 

 •Postmodification comprises words in the noun phrase that follow the head. These words usually consist of prepositional phrases, nonfinite clauses, and relative clauses.

Form: 

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" if the modifier appears before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier follows the noun). Possible modifiers include:

 •determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some,many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;

 •adjectives (the red ball); or complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round); 

•modifiers; pre-modifiers if before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the housewhere I live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they add information about the noun.

Kinds of noun phrases : 

a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy 

b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath 

c. Gerund + Noun, example: Throwing ball 

d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book 

e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board

f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

Sources:
http://www.englishgrammar.org/noun-phrases/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrasehttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounphraseterm.htmhttp://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/06/noun-phrases.htmlhttp://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/noun-phrase.html

OFFERING

Good Day all!!!! :-) This morning I think a nice day. aaa~ I would like to tell you something guys...
My family from Java had come to my house here (in Palangka Raya) I'm so happy because it makes my house doesn't feel so lonely *eh*

Yap, by the way, I got the deadline of this E-Primbon. I have to finish it ASAP. hmm, now how if we check this lesson? It's about an Offering. ck, Offering? according to your opinion, what is that?

I think, Oferring is an act that we use to give or offer something to someone. Ok, let's check it now!!

Definition

•Something that is offered. 

•The act of making an offer

•Offering is the way to offer something to someone.

The expression of “would you like...” is normally used for offering something to someone.

Some way to say it:
•Would you like a movie ?
•Should I get you a bottle of cold water?
•Could I offer you a bag of chocolate?
•Would you care some salad?
•Shall I get you something to read?

Examples Offering to Friends:
•Want some?
•Have some?
•Chocolate?
• Grab some for yourself ?
•What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Less Formal Expressions:

•Would you like to have a pancake?
•Why don’t you have some lemonade?
•What can I get for you?
•What will you have?
•Can I help you ?
•Do you want something to eat?

Some Places to Do an Offering:

• Office
• Nature
• School
• Bank
• Market
• etc.

Ways to Accept an Offering:
•Thank you.
•Yes, please.
•I’d like it very much.
•That would be very nice.
•Lovely.
•(oh,) yes, please.
•I’d like it very much
•That’s very kind of you.
•That would be very nice.

Ways to Refuse an Offering:
•No, thanks.
•No, really won’t, thanks.
•Not for me, thanks.
•Thank you for offering, but I'm in a hurry
•That’s very kind of you, but I'm busy right now
•No, I really won’t. Thank you.

Sources:

http://www.investorwords.com/3390/offering.html
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/offering
http://www.yourdictionary.com/offering
http://www.answers.com/topic/offering
http://meryanggrinaprimbon.blogspot.com/2011/02/offering.html